
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Patents} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Breakthrough patents}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                                                    & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 0.420$^{***}$ & 0.420$^{***}$ & 0.048$^{**}$  & 0.058$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.081)       & (0.086)       & (0.020)       & (0.019)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & -0.034        & -0.028        & 0.009         & -0.003\\   
                                                    & (0.041)       & (0.059)       & (0.022)       & (0.022)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & -0.105        & -0.158        & 0.035         & 0.017\\   
                                                    & (0.098)       & (0.113)       & (0.028)       & (0.027)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 0.417$^{***}$ & 0.360$^{***}$ & 0.090$^{***}$ & 0.076$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.055)       & (0.049)       & (0.021)       & (0.022)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           &               & 0.006         &               & -0.021$^{***}$\\   
                                                    &               & (0.049)       &               & (0.004)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         &               & 0.003         &               & 0.010\\   
                                                    &               & (0.131)       &               & (0.011)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South             &               & 0.595$^{**}$  &               & 0.094\\   
                                                    &               & (0.256)       &               & (0.077)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West              &               & 0.061$^{***}$ &               & 0.005\\   
                                                    &               & (0.013)       &               & (0.006)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 0.010         & 0.032         & 0.016         & 0.012\\   
                                                              & (0.053)       & (0.054)       & (0.013)       & (0.013)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & -0.032$^{*}$  & -0.015        & 0.002         & 0.001\\   
                                                              & (0.016)       & (0.020)       & (0.012)       & (0.013)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & -0.058        & -0.016        & 0.017         & 0.012\\   
                                                              & (0.057)       & (0.099)       & (0.015)       & (0.022)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 0.047$^{***}$ & 0.072$^{***}$ & 0.005         & 0.011$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.013)       & (0.016)       & (0.004)       & (0.004)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           &               & 0.063         &               & -0.010$^{**}$\\   
                                                              &               & (0.039)       &               & (0.004)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         &               & -0.028        &               & -0.009\\   
                                                              &               & (0.105)       &               & (0.019)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ South             &               & -0.331        &               & 0.051\\   
                                                              &               & (1.067)       &               & (0.160)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ West              &               & 0.174$^{***}$ &               & 0.036$^{***}$\\   
                                                              &               & (0.022)       &               & (0.007)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest             & 0.069           & 0.191                 & 0.083           & 0.044\\   
                                                            & (0.246)         & (0.184)               & (0.057)         & (0.043)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast           & -0.043          & 0.019                 & 0.032           & 0.016\\   
                                                            & (0.077)         & (0.089)               & (0.046)         & (0.054)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South               & -0.106          & 0.001                 & 0.074           & 0.045\\   
                                                            & (0.165)         & (0.224)               & (0.046)         & (0.050)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West                & 0.574$^{*}$     & 0.608$^{*}$           & 0.088           & 0.078\\   
                                                            & (0.330)         & (0.339)               & (0.057)         & (0.060)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest              &                 & 0.057                 &                 & -0.018$^{**}$\\   
                                                            &                 & (0.066)               &                 & (0.007)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast            &                 & 0.000                 &                 & -0.014\\   
                                                            &                 & (0.157)               &                 & (0.046)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South                &                 & -0.289                &                 & 0.055\\   
                                                            &                 & (1.387)               &                 & (0.230)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West                 &                 & -0.004                &                 & 0.009\\   
                                                            &                 & (0.053)               &                 & (0.014)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Surname diversity  & 55; 51; 101; 17 & 149; 205; 187; 3935   & 55; 51; 101; 17 & 149; 205; 187; 3935\\  
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Population         &            & 840; 3069; 174; 15344 &            & 840; 3069; 174; 15344\\  
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects                           & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects                             & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                     & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


